Journal: Immunity

Article Title: Gut commensals suppress epithelial cell retinoic acid synthesis to regulate intestinal interleukin-22 activity and prevent microbial dysbiosis.

doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.11.018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Highlights

Article Snippet: All-trans-retinoic acid-d5 , Toronto Research Chemicals , Cat#: R250202.

Techniques: Cell Stimulation, Recombinant, Lysis, Reverse Transcription, Electron Microscopy, Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, Staining, Isolation, Western Blot, Software, Sequencing

Journal: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Article Title: Procyanidin-B1-Enriched Cyperus esculentus Extract Regulates Anti-Inflammatory Pathways in Chicken Macrophages Cells Through Transcription Factor STAT2 and HIF1A

doi: 10.3390/ani15233469

Figure Lengend Snippet: The transcription levels of STAT2, HIF1A, and their target genes in HD11 cells treated with PB1 and LPS. The height of bars indicates the relative transcriptional levels of genes. Bars bearing different letters indicate statistically significant differences ( p < 0.05). ( A – F ): STAT2, EPSTI1, IFIH1, HIF1A, HMGA2, and STEAP4.

Article Snippet: Retinoic acid (RA), an activator of STAT2 (sc-200898), and a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibitor (HIF1Ai, sc-205346) were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of the neurological sciences

Article Title: Role of Vitamin A Metabolism in IIH: Results from the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.014

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dietary retinyl esters, retinol, and pro-vitamin A carotenoids are ingested. Vitamin A may be esterified into retinyl esters and stored primarily in the liver. In times of dietary retinoid insufficiency, retinyl ester stores are hydrolyzed to retinol for delivery to peripheral tissues through the circulation bound to RBP. Both all-trans-retinol (typically referred to as retinol) and beta-carotene may be converted enzymatically to all-trans-retinal. However, the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal, owing to energetic considerations, is formed via the coupled enzymatic hydrolysis of all-trans-retinyl ester with the isomerization of the all-trans-retinoid to the 11-cis-isomer. All-trans-retinal either can be enzymatically oxidized to all-trans-retinoic acid, which regulates transcription of over 500 retinoid-responsive genes, or reduced enzymatically to all-trans-retinol. When all-trans-retinoic acid is no longer needed, it is oxidatively metabolized and eliminated from the body.

Article Snippet: Penta-deuterated all- trans -retinoic acid (atRA-d5) was employed as an internal standard and was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, Ontario).

Techniques:

Journal: Journal of the neurological sciences

Article Title: Role of Vitamin A Metabolism in IIH: Results from the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial

doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.014

Figure Lengend Snippet: Boxplot (horizontal bar at median value) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) by treatment group, acetazolamide (ACZ) and placebo, at baseline (Mo. 0) and at six months (Mo. 6). A significant difference is seen between the ACZ and placebo groups with respect to the change in CSF ATRA at six months.

Article Snippet: Penta-deuterated all- trans -retinoic acid (atRA-d5) was employed as an internal standard and was purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (North York, Ontario).

Techniques: